Building a skincare routine starts with three essentials: a cleanser, a moisturiser and a daily SPF. From there, targeted treatments can be layered in based on specific concerns. Serums are typically applied after cleansing and before moisturiser, and work best when chosen to address one primary concern — whether that's dullness, dark spots, dehydration or the early signs of ageing. Applying too many active ingredients at once can cause irritation, so it's worth introducing new products one at a time. Retinol is one of the most well-evidenced anti-ageing skincare ingredients available, encouraging cell turnover and supporting collagen production over time. For beginners, start with a low-strength formula two to three nights a week before building up frequency — retinol can initially cause dryness or irritation as skin adjusts. Always apply SPF the following morning, as retinol increases the skin's sensitivity to UV exposure. Skin often changes during the menopause, with reduced oestrogen leading to increased dryness, loss of elasticity and a more reactive skin barrier. A richer anti-ageing moisturiser, a gentle cleanser and a serum containing hyaluronic acid or ceramides can help support the skin during this period. SPF remains important year-round for all skin types, as UV exposure is one of the primary contributors to visible skin ageing regardless of season.